Project

4100

Chief Investigator

KING, Dr Catherine (Cath) - Australian Antarctic Division

Title

Development of environmental risk assessment and remediation guidelines for Antarctic and subantarctic marine and terrestrial environments.

Project aims

The risk of contaminants to marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the Antarctic and subantarctic are poorly understood. This information is crucial for development of site specific environmental standards. The project will build on limited ecotoxicological data currently available for Antarctic biota to develop Environmental Risk Assessment procedures and to derive soil and water quality guidelines and remediation targets. These will inform Australia's remediation activities in the AAT, enabling finalisation and sign-off of contaminated sites no longer posing significant environmental risk.

Project gallery


Project Summary of the Season 2012/13

The first year of this project has focused on sensitivity assessments for biota and on the development of robust toxicity testing procedures and analysis for contaminated waters and soils in Antarctica and subantarctic regions. Field programs were conducted during 2012/13 at Davis, Casey, Mawson and Macquarie Island. The focus of research at Davis was marine invertebrate testing with metals and fuels, while the Casey and Macquarie Island field programs focused on terrestrial flora testing with fuels in order to develop remediation targets for contaminated sites. Laboratory analysis of metals using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and of hydrocarbons in fuels using Gas Chromatograph - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is underway. Toxicity testing is ongoing at Kingston using live biota returned to Australia that is being maintained and cultured within the AADs' Marine Research Facility and Terrestrial Growth Room.

Project Summary of the Season 2013/14

Experimental work this year has continued with a focus on sensitivity assessments for both terrestrial and marine biota and on the development of robust toxicity testing procedures for contaminated waters and soils in Antarctica and subantarctic regions. Toxicity testing of metals with a range of subantarctic marine invertebrates was conducted during the 13/14 summer field season at Macquarie Island. Terrestrial plant toxicity testing of fuels was conducted in Australia (using collections made 12/13 at both Casey and Macquarie Island),and collections of moss samples for ongoing testing of metal and fuel toxicity were made during a short field season at Casey in 13/14. Toxicity assessments with Antarctic microalgae were conducted back in Australia. Laboratory analysis of metals using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and of hydrocarbons in fuels using Gas Chromatograph - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) continues. Toxicity testing is ongoing at Kingston using live biota returned to Australia that is being maintained and cultured within the AADs' Marine Research Facility and Terrestrial Growth Laboratories.

Project Summary of the Season 2014/15

Work this year has also focused on the consolidation of data, submission of datasets to the AADC, and on research publications with 9 manuscripts from this project published in peer reviewed journals or currently in press. Experimental work has also continued with a focus on sensitivity assessments for subantarctic marine biota and on the development of culturing procedures and optimisation of test parameters for toxicity tests using Antarctic micro-invertebrates. Toxicity testing of metals in combination with climate change stressors (eg temperature, salinity) with a range of subantarctic marine invertebrates was conducted in Kingston using live biota collections made during the 13/14 summer field season at Macquarie Island. Stocks of these marine invertebrates were replenished by collections made by a small field team during the 14/15 resupply voyage to Macquarie Island and a range of species are now being maintained and cultured within the AAD's Marine Research Facility. The development of soil toxicity tests with the Antarctic nematode Plectus murrayi is ongoing with the successful establishment of in-house cultures and an improved understanding of this species reproduction and life history. This along with work to improve our statistical models to generate robust sensitivity estimates will continue to be the focus of work in the upcoming years providing crucial data for the development of guidelines for soil remediation and soil reuse at Casey Station and other Antarctic contaminated sites undergoing remediation.

Project Summary of the Season 2015/16

This year the project focused on data consolidation, toxicity experiments conducted at AAD Kingston laboratories, and development of new statistical analysis methods. Data consolidation work has included the submission of datasets to the AADC and publication of results in quality international journals, with 15 journal articles from this project now published or in press.

Substantial progress in experimental work has been made in two main areas. We have completed work examining the sensitivity of subantarctic marine biota to metal contaminants, and the interactive effects of stressors associated with climate change (eg temperature, salinity). We have also developed culturing procedures and optimised test parameters for toxicity tests using Antarctic micro-invertebrates, specifically the Antarctic nematode Plectus murrayi. We have successfully developed in-house cultures and have an enhanced understanding of this species reproduction and life history, we have developed an aqueous test using metals, and have commenced development of a soil toxicity test for fuel contaminants.

Finally, we have made considerable progress in improving statistical models and analysis methods for the generation of robust sensitivity estimates. Specifically this year we have developed models that increase our ability to analyse data sets that do not meet assumptions of existing statistical tests in terms of control mortality. This work is crucial to the production of robust point estimates for the sensitivity of Antarctic and subantarctic species, that will significantly enhance the quality of the contaminant guidelines that we derive from species sensitivity estimates during the final phase of this project. This statistical modelling work will remain a focus for the project over the next year, as we develop targets for soil remediation and soil reuse at Casey Station and other Antarctic contaminated sites.

Project Summary of the Season 2016/17

This year we continued to focus on consolidating and analysing existing datasets (including aqueous toxicity tests with marine amphipods and microgastropods, and soil toxicity tests with springtail communities). This has included submission of metadata records to the AADC and publication of results in peer-reviewed journal articles. In addition, we are working to develop new statistical analysis and data modelling methods using R, that specifically aim to deal with problematic data sets that do not meet assumptions of existing statistical tests. This statistical modelling work will remain a focus for the project over the next year, as we develop targets for soil remediation and reuse at contaminated sites at Casey and Macquarie Island stations. We are also using industry standard database software (CETIS) for the analysis and compilation of toxicity test data, and will use this system to facilitate our overall analysis of test data for guideline derivation.

We have continued developing methods for toxicity tests with common Antarctic nematodes Plectus murrayi from in house cultures at Kingston and have estimated the sensitivity of this species to copper. We are now working on an elutriate based test system (water washed through contaminated soil) to investigate the impacts of mobile and bioavailable fuels in soils. This test mimics exposure to contaminants in soil and runoff during summer melt periods. Initial test results show that the nematode is sensitive to elutriates as low as 10% dilution of soil samples collected at fuel contamination 'hotspots' at Casey Station.

Key members of our project team hosted the SETAC-AU Conference in Hobart in October 2016, which included a special session on Risk Assessment and Remediation in Antarctica. This was a valuable outreach and communication activity that greatly increased exposure of this project and our research to the Australasian ecotoxicology and chemistry scientific community.

Final Summary of Project Achievements

This project delivered robust scientific data on the risk of contaminants including metals and fuels to marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the Antarctic and subantarctic. Toxicity test protocols developed through this project are now available as standard routine methods for use in Environmental Risk Assessments to determine potential impacts of contaminated waters and soils in Antarctica and subantarctic regions. Sensitivity data generated for a range of local biota will provide the basis for the development of site specific environmental quality guidelines and remediation targets for soils and waters. These will inform Australia's remediation activities in the AAT, enabling soil reuse and contaminated sites to be deemed as no longer posing significant environmental risk.

Field programs were conducted at Davis, Casey and Macquarie Island during 2012/13, 13/14 and 14/15 summer seasons, and experiments completed on station and at Kingston in the AADs' Marine Research Facility using live biota returned to Australia. Culturing procedures and toxicity tests were developed for a range of species (marine and terrestrial invertebrates, microalgae and plants), and used to determine sensitivity of biota to metals and fuels. New statistical models and analysis methods, which incorporate the unique characteristics of Antarctic biota and their responses, were developed to generate robust sensitivity estimates.

A total of 20 postgraduate students were engaged on this project. Results have been widely promoted, with 32 peer-reviewed articles published in high quality international journals, 61 conference presentations, and 8 papers submitted to the ATCM/CEP. CI King hosted and chaired the 2016 SETAC-AU Conference in Hobart in which a session on Risk Assessment and Remediation in Antarctica proved a valuable outreach activity that increased exposure of this project and our research to the Australasian ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry scientific communities.

Category 1: Peer-reviewed literature

Bramley-Alves J., Wasley J., King C.K., Powell S., Robinson S.A. (2014) Phytoremediation of hydrocarbon contaminants in subantarctic soils: An effective management option, Journal of Environmental Management 142. 60-69; [Ref: 15220]

Mooney T.J., King C.K., Wasley J., Andrew N.R. (2013) Toxicity of diesel contaminated soils to the subantarctic earthworm Microscolex macquariensis, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32(2). 370-377; [Ref: 15299]

Marcus Zamora L., King C.K., Payne S.J., Virtue P. (2015) Sensitivity and response time of three common Antarctic marine copepods to metal exposure, Chemosphere 120. 267-272; [Ref: 15378]

Richardson E.L., King C.K., Powell S.M. (2014) The Use of Microbial Gene Abundance in the Development of Fuel Remediation Guidelines in Polar Soils, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 11(2). 235-241; [Ref: 15472]

Macoustra G.K., King C.K., Wasley J., Robinson S.A., Jolley D.F. (2015) Impact of hydrocarbons from a diesel fuel on the germination and early growth of subantarctic plants, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17. 1238-1248; [Ref: 15536]

Gissi F., Adams M.S., King C.K., Jolley D.F. (2015) A robust bioassay to assess the toxicity of metals to the Antarctic marine micro alga Phaeocystis Antarctica, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34(7). 1578–1587; [Ref: 15537]

Sfiligoj B.J., King C.K., Candy S.G., Mondon J.A. (2015) Determining the sensitivity of the Antarctic amphipod Orchomenella pinguides to metals using a joint model of survival response to exposure concentration and duration, Ecotoxicology 24(3). 583-594; [Ref: 15540]

Candy S.G., Sfiligoj B.J., King C.K., Mondon J.A. (2015) Modelling grouped survival times in toxicological studies using Generalized Additive Models, Environmental and Ecological Statistics 22(3). 465-491; [Ref: 15541]

Nydahl A., King C.K., Wasley J., Jolley D.F., Robinson S.A. (2015) Toxicity of fuel contaminated soil to Antarctic moss and terrestrial algae, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34(9). 2004–2012; [Ref: 15597]

Wasley J., Mooney T., King C.K. (2016) Soil invertebrate community change over fuel-contaminated sites on a subantarctic island: An ecological field-based line of evidence for site risk assessment, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 12(2). 306-314; [Ref: 15646]

Holan J., King C.K., Davis A.R. (2016) Sensitivity of six subantarctic marine invertebrates to common metal contaminants, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35(9). 2245-2251; [Ref: 15782]

Brown K.E., King C.K., Kotzakoulakis K., George S.C., Harrison P.L. (2016) Assessing fuel spill risks in polar waters: Temporal dynamics and behaviour of hydrocarbons from Antarctic diesel, marine gas oil and residual fuel oil, Marine Pollution Bulletin 110(1). 343-353; [Ref: 15783]

Lewis A., King C.K., Hill N.A., Cooper A., Townsend A.T., Mondon J.A. (2016) Seawater temperature effect on metal accumulation and toxicity in the subantarctic Macquarie Island isopod, Exosphaeroma gigas, Aquatic Toxicology 177. 333-342; [Ref: 15784]

Arbel J., King C.K., Raymond B., Winsley T., Mengersen K.L. (2015) Application of a Bayesian nonparametric model to derive toxicity estimates based on the response of Antarctic microbial communities to fuel-contaminated soil, Ecology and Evolution 5(13). 2633-2645; [Ref: 15786]

Carrea C., Burridge C.P., King C.K., Miller K.J. (2016) Population structure and long-term decline in three species of heart urchins Abatus spp. near-shore in the Vestfold Hills region, East Antarctica, Marine Ecology Progress Series 545. 227-238; [Ref: 15787]

Koppel D.J., Gissi F., Adams M.S., King C.K., Jolley D.F. (2017) Chronic toxicity of five metals to the polar marine microalga Cryothecomonas armigera - Application of a new bioassay, Environmental Pollution 228. 211-221; [Ref: 15872]

Koppel D.J., King C.K., Brown K.E., Price G.A.V., Adams M.S., Jolley D.F. (2020) Assessing the Risk of Metals and Their Mixtures in the Antarctic Nearshore Marine Environment with Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films, Environmental Science and Technology 54(1). 306-315; [Ref: 16181]

van Dorst J., Wilkins D., King C.K., Spedding T., Hince G., Zhang E., Crane S., Ferrari B.C. (2020) Applying microbial indicators of hydrocarbon toxicity to contaminated sites undergoing bioremediation on subantarctic Macquarie Island, Environmental Pollution 259 113780. .; [Ref: 16297]

Brown K.E., Wasley J., King C.K. (2020) Sensitivity to copper and development of culturing and toxicity test procedures for the Antarctic terrestrial nematode Plectus murrayi, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 39(2). 482-491; [Ref: 16298]

Mooney T.J., Wasley J., Raymond B., Andrew N.R., King C.K. (2019) Response of the native springtail Parisotoma insularis to diesel fuel contaminated soils under field-realistic exposure conditions at subantarctic Macquarie Island, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 15(4). 565-574; [Ref: 16299]

Holan J.R., King C.K., Proctor A.H., Davis A.R. (2019) Increased sensitivity of subantarctic marine invertebrates to copper under a changing climate - effects of salinity and temperature, Environmental Pollution 249. 54-62; [Ref: 16303]

Crane S.L., van Dorst J., Hose G.C., King C.K., Ferrari B.C. (2018) Microfluidic qPCR enables high throughput quantification of microbial functional genes but requires strict curation of primers, Frontiers in Environmental Science 6. 1-14; [Ref: 16304]

Dawson A., Kawaguchi S., King C.K., Townsend K., King R., Huston W., Bengtson Nash S. (2018) Turning Microplastics into Nanoplastics: Digestive Fragmentation by Antarctic krill, Nature Communications 9 1001. .; [Ref: 16306]

Dawson A., Huston W., Kawaguchi S., King C.K., Cropp R., Wild S., Eisenmann P., Townsend K., Bengtson Nash S.M. (2018) Uptake and depuration kinetics influence microplastic bioaccumulation and toxicity in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Environmental Science and Technology 52(5). 3195-3201; [Ref: 16307]

Holan J., King C.K., Davis A.R. (2018) Comparative copper sensitivity between life stages of common subantarctic marine invertebrates, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 37(3). 807-815; [Ref: 16308]

Proctor A.H., King C.K., Holan J., Wotherspoon S. (2017) Integrated modelling of survival data from multiple stressor ecotoxicology experiments, Environmental Science & Technology 51 (12). 7271-7277; [Ref: 16309]

Holan J., King C.K., Sfiligoj B.J., Davis A.R. (2017) Toxicity of copper to three common subantarctic marine gastropods, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 136 70-77; [Ref: 16310]

Brown K.E., King C.K., Harrison P.L. (2017) Lethal and behavioral impacts of diesel and fuel oil on the Antarctic amphipod Paramoera walkeri, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 36(9) 2444-2455; [Ref: 16311]

Alexander F.J., King C.K., Reichelt-Brushett A.J., Harrison P.L. (2017) Fuel oil and dispersant toxicity to the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 36(6) 1563-1571; [Ref: 16312]

Raymond T., King C.K., Raymond B., Stark J.S, Snape I. (2016) Oil Pollution in Antarctica In Fingas M (Ed), Oil Spill Science and Technology 2nd edition Gulf Professional Publishing 759-803; [Ref: 16313]

Koppel D.J., Price G.A.V., Brown K.E., Adams M.A., King C.K., Gore D.B., Jolley D.F. (2021) Assessing metal contaminants in Antarctic soils using diffusive gradients in thin-films, Chemosphere 269 1-12; [Ref: 16419]

Koppel D.J., Bishop J., Kopalová K., Price G.A.V., Brown K.E., King C.K., Adams M.S., Jolley D.F. (2021) Metal lability and environmental risk in anthropogenically disturbed Antarctic melt streams, Environmental Pollution 287 1-14; [Ref: 16420]

King C.K., Wasley J., Holan J., Richardson J., Spedding T. (2020) Using an expert judgement response matrix to assess the risk of groundwater discharges from remediated fuel spill sites to the marine environment at sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 17(4) 785-801; [Ref: 16421]

Brown K., King C.K., Harrison P. (2020) Impacts of petroleum fuels on fertilisation and development of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 39(12) 2527-2539; [Ref: 16422]

McCarthy J.S., Wallace S.M.N, Brown K.E., King C.K., Nielsen U.N., Allinson G., Reichman S.M. (2022) Preliminary investigation of effects of copper on a terrestrial population of the antarctic rotifer Philodina sp, Chemosphere .; [Ref: 16628]

Koppel D.J., Whitelaw N., Adams M.S., King C.K., Jolley D.F. (2021) The microalga Phaeocystis antarctica is tolerant to salinity and metal mixture toxicity interactions, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts .; [Ref: 16629]

Houlahan S., Errington I., Hose G.C., King C.K., George S.C. (2023) Anthropogenic petroleum signatures and biodegradation in subantarctic Macquarie Island soils, Chemosphere .; [Ref: 16753]

Brown K.E., Wasley J., King C.K. (2023) Assessing risks from fuel contamination in Antarctica: Dynamics of diesel ageing in soil and toxicity to an endemic nematode, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 249. p114345; [Ref: 16772]

Brown K.E., Koppel D.J., Price G.A.V., King C.K., Adams M.S., Jolley D.F. (2023) High Sensitivity of the Antarctic Rotifer Adineta editae to Metals and Ecological Relevance in Contaminated Site Risk Assessments, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry .; [Ref: 16833]

Nielsen U.N., King C.K. (2015) Abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates in the Windmill Islands region, East Antarctica, Polar Biology 38(9). 1391-1400; [Ref: 15562]

Brown K.E., King C.K., Harrison P.L. (2015) Reproduction, growth and early life history of the Antarctic gammarid amphipod Paramoera walkeri, Polar Biology 38(10). 1583-1596; [Ref: 15567]

Category 2: International meeting papers

McIvor E., King C., Spedding T. (2022) Update on current initiatives for a more structured sample and data collection of environmental contamination in the Antarctic, ATCM XLIV - CEP XXIV Berlin, Germany 23 May - 2 June 2022, Delegations of Germany, Italy, Australia, United Kingdom, United States of America and Sweden (AAD authors only listed) IP007 rev. 1, Agenda Item CEP 11; [Ref: 16978]

Wilkins D., Spedding T., King C., McIvor E., Tracey P. (2021) Characterising Antarctic Fuels to Inform the Clean Up of Fuel Spill Sites, ATCM XLIII - CEP XXIII Paris, France 14 - 24 June 2021, Delegations of Australia and Argentina (only AAD authors listed) BP 5 Agenda Item CEP 6; [Ref: 16999]

Category 3: Conference paper

King C., Wasley J., Richardson J. (2023) Environmental Protection of sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island: Derivation and application of site-specific Environmental Guidelines for soils at remediated fuel spill sites, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Australasia 2023 Conference, Source to Sink: Engaging with Stakeholders to Protect Our Environment, 7 – 10 August 2023, Townsville, Queensland .; [Ref: 17018]

Category 3: Poster

Kotzakoulakis K., George S.C., Harrison P., Alexander F., King C.K. (2014) Bioavailability and fate of toxic aromatic hydrocarbons in fuel spills in the Antarctic marine environment, Australian Earth Sciences Convention 2014, Newcastle, Australia, 7-10 July 2014 .; [Ref: 15331]

Sfiligoj B.J., King C.K., Candy S.G., Mondon J.A. (2012) Development of appropriate bioassay and statistical methods for determining survival sensitivities of Antarctic marine biota to metal exposure, 2nd Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Australasia Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 4-6 July 2012 .; [Ref: 15456]

Sfiligoj B.J., King C.K., Candy S.G., Mondon J.A. (2012) Development of appropriate bioassay and statistical methods for determining survival sensitivities of Antarctic marine biota to metal exposure, Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) World Congress, Berlin, Germany, 20-24 May 2012 .; [Ref: 15457]

Richardson E.L., Powell S.M., King C.K. (2013) Microbes as indicators of soil health in Antarctica, Strategic Science in Antarctica Conference, Hobart, Australia, 24-26 June 2013 .; [Ref: 15543]

Mooney T.J., King C.M., Wasley J., Raymond B., Andrew N.R. (2013) Springtail community response to petroleum hydrocarbons in subantarctic soils, Strategic Science in Antarctica Conference, Hobart, Australia, 24-26 June 2013 .; [Ref: 15544]

Nydahl A., Robinson S.A., Jolley D., King C.K., Wasley J. (2013) Sensitivity and response of Antarctic moss, terrestrial algae and cyanobacteria to fuel contamination, Strategic Science in Antarctica Conference, Hobart, Australia, 24-26 June 2013 .; [Ref: 15452]

Macoustra G.K., Jolley D.F., Robinson S.A., King C.K., Wasley J. (2013) Development of soil remediation guidelines for Macquarie island: sensitivity assessment of germination in native subantarctic flora, Strategic Science in Antarctica Conference, Hobart, Australia, 24-26 June 2013 .; [Ref: 15453]

Holan J., King C.K., Davis A.R. (2014) Increased sensitivity to contaminants and risk to subantarctic marine invertebrates under predicted climate change scenarios, Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) Open Science Conference, Bergen, Norway, 23-27 June 2014 .; [Ref: 15386]

Holan J., King C.K., Davis A. (2013) Climate change and impacts on subantarctic marine invertebrates: a focus on Macquarie Island, Strategic Science in Antarctica Conference, Hobart, Australia, 24-26 June 2013 .; [Ref: 15387]

Holan J., King C.K., Davis A.R. (2014) Increased sensitivity to contaminants and risk to subantarctic marine invertebrates under predicted climate change scenarios, XXXIII SCAR Biennial meeting and open science conference, Auckland, New Zealand, 25-28 August 2014 .; [Ref: 15388]

Category 3: Thesis, higher degree

Alexander N. (2012) Assessing the impacts of metal contamination in the Antarctic marine environment using zooplankton communities, Master of Antarctic Science Thesis, University of Tasmania, Australia 57pp; [Ref: 15389]

Barnes C. (2013) Mixed Metal Combinations Increase Toxicity in Antarctic Marine Benthic Copepods, Master of Antarctic Science Thesis, University of Tasmania, Australia 21pp; [Ref: 15390]

Aitkenhead I.J. (2013) Morphological and growth responses of Abatus heart urchins to sewage contamination at Davis Station, East Antarctica, Master of Antarctic Science Thesis, University of Tasmania, Australia 25pp; [Ref: 15391]

Mooney T. (2013) Response of soil invertebrates to petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils at Macquarie Island, PhD Thesis, University of New England, Australia 147pp; [Ref: 15300]

Sfiligoj B.J. (2013) Sensitivity of Antarctic marine invertebrates and microalgae to metal exposure, PhD Thesis, Deakin University, Australia 239pp; [Ref: 15301]

Gissi F. (2014) Ecotoxicity testing with Antarctic marine microalgae: Investigating their sensitivity to metals, Bachelor of Science (Hons), University of Wollongong, Australia 83pp; [Ref: 15302]

Nydahl A. (2013) Sensitivity and Response of Antarctic Moss and Terrestrial Algae to Fuel Contamination, Bachelor of Conservation Biology Advanced (Honours), University of Wollongong, Australia 93pp; [Ref: 15303]

Macoustra G. (2013) The inhibitory effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the growth of selected Macquarie Island plant species, Bachelor of Science (Honours), University of Wollongong, Australia 81pp; [Ref: 15304]

Richardson E.L. (2013) Changes in microbial functional genes as indicators of soil health and their response to fuel contamination in Antarctica, Thesis, Bachelor of Science with Honours, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 76pp; [Ref: 15542]

Lewis A. (2014) Metal accumulation and toxicity in the Macquarie Island isopod, Exosphaeroma gigas, Bachelor of Science (Hons), Deakin University, Australia 42pp; [Ref: 15547]

Category 3: Verbal presentation

Brown K.E., King C.K., Lane A., Kotzakoulakis K., George S.C., Harrison P.L. (2013) Sensitivity of the Antarctic amphipod Paramoera walkeri to diesel and fuel oil: Lethal and behavioural impacts, Strategic Science in Antarctica Conference, Hobart, Australia, 24-26 June 2013 .; [Ref: 15568]

Mooney T.J., King C.K., Wasley J., Andrew N.R. (2009) Soil invertebrate community response to petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in sub-Antarctic soils over an organic carbon gradient, 13th Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology (ASE) Conference, 20-23 September 2009, Adelaide, Australia .; [Ref: 15545]

Mooney T.J., King C.K., Wasley J., Andrew N.R. (2011) Collembola community response to petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in sub-Antarctic soils over an organic carbon gradient, Ecological Society of Australia 2011 annual meeting: 'Ecology in Changing Landscapes'. Hobart, Australia, 21-25 November 2011 .; [Ref: 15546]

Errington I., King C.K., Hose G.C. (2016) A comparison of field- and lab-based methods for determining the toxicity of diesel to soil invertebrates on subantarctic Macquarie Island, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Australasia Conference, Hobart, Australia, 4-7 October 2016 .; [Ref: 15814]

Crane S.L., Hose G.C., King C.K., Ferrari B.C. (2016) The FuelTox Pipeline: microfluidic qPCR for microbial ecotoxicology in soil, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Australasia Conference, Hobart, Australia, 4-7 October 2016 .; [Ref: 15815]

Ferrari B.C., van Dorst J., Hince G., Crane S., Montgomery K., Snape I., King C.K. (2016) Microbial communities as indicators of anthropogenic and natural disturbances to Antarctica and subantarctic Macquarie Island, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Australasia Conference, Hobart, Australia, 4-7 October 2016 .; [Ref: 15816]

Jolley D.F., Macoustra G.K., Nydahl A., Robinson S., King C.K., Wasley J., Wise L. (2016) Impacts of fuel contamination on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic flora, XXXIV SCAR Biennial meeting and open science conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-30 August 2016 .; [Ref: 15841]

Jolley D.F., Macoustra G.K., Nydahl A., Robinson S.A., King C.K., Wasley J., Wise L. (2014) Sensitivity and Response of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Species to Fuel Contamination, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Asia Pacific and Australasia Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, 14-17 September 2014 .; [Ref: 15454]

Candy S.G., Sfiligoj B.J., King C.K., Mondon J.A. (2013) Modelling interval-censored survival times in toxicological studies using generalized additive models, The International Biometric Society Australasian Region Conference 2013, Mandurah, Australia, 1-5 December 2013 .; [Ref: 15455]

Gissi F., Adams M., King C.K. (2014) Response of Antarctic marine microalgae to copper: Comparisons between a sensitive and tolerant species, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Asia Pacific and Australasia Conference, 14-17 September 2014, Adelaide, Australia .; [Ref: 15538]

Category 6: Report

Fisher R., van Dam R., Batley R., Fox D., Harford A., Humphrey C., King C., Menendez P., Negri A., Proctor A., Proctor Q., Stauber J., van Dam J., Warne M. (2019) Key issues in the derivation of water quality guideline values: a workshop report, Australian Institute of Marine Science Report, Crawley, WA, Australia 57pp; [Ref: 17019]